Sensors – Components that make a phone “intelligent”

Sensors play a big role in smartphones, improving its usability to a great extent. The integrated sensors have made these devices more than just a communication device. With these sensors, mobile phones act as a thermostat, GPS, air flow detector, and many other devices. The revolution of sensor has transformed a mobile phone into a the fact complete gadget.

  

Listed below are some useful sensors used in mobile phones:

·         Proximity sensor

·         Accelerometer sensor

·         Ambient light sensor

·         Magnetometer sensor

·         Image sensor

·         Fingerprint sensor

·         Moisture sensor

·         Tactile sensor

·         Temperature sensor

Proximity sensor: A proximity sensor in a mobile phone detects the presence of users’ body and deactivates the display and touch pad of phone when it is brought near the face during a call. What if a screen is active when the user is in a call? Yes, it will send unwanted input and may even cause calls to hang up at the mere touch of your cheek!  To avoid such incidents, proximity sensors are being incorporated in touchscreen phones. The sensor even helps save energy by switching off the display.

Accelerometer sensor: This sensor is incorporated to measure the acceleration of the device. In a mobile phone, a 3-axis accelerometer senses the orientation of the mobile phone and changes the screen orientation accordingly. It lets users switch between the portrait and landscape mode smoothly and neatly. Watching videos and gaming on mobile devices are now much more interesting – thanks to accelerometer sensors. In some phones, this sensor also plays a life-saving role, sensing the rate of change of acceleration resulted from a severe jerk from an accident. The sensor helps users make an automatic call for assistance to pre-assigned number, when they face severe and fatal jerk. 3D accelerometer helps in step recognition and is used for sport applications in a phone. It is also used for tap gesture recognition in the user interface for controlling music player and sport application. Nokia 5500 has 3D accelerometer feature.

Ambient light sensor: Ambient light sensor detects light in the surrounding and adjusts the display backlighting accordingly. The backlight is dimmed down, when the surrounding is dark, while the backlight is intensified, when the surrounding light is very bright. The sensor helps users to see the monitor comfortably, at the same time, reduces the power consumption by optimizing display brightness.

Magnetometer sensor: Magnetometer sensor measures strength, orientation, and direction of magnetic field.  Phones such as HTC HD2, Nokia N97, Nokia E72, Nokia N8, Samsung Wave S8500, Samsung Galaxy S, HTC Hero, and iPhone 4 come with magnetometer. This sensor orients maps automatically towards North, while navigating and helps find direction in an easy way. This sensor is also known by names such as digital compass or e-compass.

Image sensor: Image sensor converts an optical image into an electric signal. There are two types of image sensors: charge-coupled device (CCD) & metal-oxide-semiconductor active pixel sensor (CMOS APS). CMOS APS is mostly used in a mobile phone camera to sense images. CCD is very good for digital imaging and is mainly used in professional, medical, and scientific applications, where there is need of high quality image. Some of the mobile phones also use CCD sensor for sensing images. Spice Mobiles has launched S-1200 with professional CCD sensor.

Fingerprint sensor: Fingerprint sensor is an advanced feature in mobile phones. It captures digital image of fingerprint pattern. The captured image is digitally processed to create biometric template and is used for matching. Motorola has released some Android phones with fingerprint sensor. This sensor is used for security system on phone. 

Moisture sensor: Moisture sensor detects phone’s exposure to moisture. The sensor is embedded in the mobile phone and whenever it comes in contact with moisture, the color of the sensor gets changed. Many phones including iPhones have moisture sensor. You don’t have to be very happy about having a moisture sensor on your handset! The device will stop you from claiming your warranty, when you drop your mobile in water, even if you dry it completely! The warranty of the mobile will be cancelled if the color of the moisture sensor is changed.

Tactile sensor: Tactile sensor is a device that is sensitive to touch, force, and pressure. Capacitive touchscreen phones use touch switch, one of the kinds of tactile sensors. Touch switches detect the presence of finger or hand as well as stylus.

Temperature sensor: iPhone incorporates temperature sensors for device safety. When the temperature sensor indicates that the phone has reached dangerous levels of heat that threatens the internal electronic components of the phone, it shuts down automatically. A warning symbol appears on screen and phone is switched off to get cool down.

Magnetic sensor: Magnetic sensor identifies sensitive element characteristics. In blackberry mobiles, magnetic sensor interacts with the case and deactivates screen and keyboard when the phone is placed in case. It also avoids unwanted input in the device as well as saves the power.

Intelligent sensors have made smartphone a complete device. The business phone and high-end multimedia phones segments are witnessing a trend of incorporation of more and more smart sensors to make the phone more intelligent, increasing its usability to a great extent.  The day is not far when your mobile phone will satisfy all your technical needs. 

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Usage of @ Symbol in Email Address

'@' Symbol introduced in the year 1972. The usage of @ symbol for remail address to identify the email box to which the mails are delivered.

History: --------- In the Middle Ages, monks were what is today the internet. They published, reproduced, kept and passed on vast amounts of data. The monks' translations and transcriptions were hard work. Hard-working monks had to deal with a unique set of problems. Bookbinders used to join together the wrong pages, for example. To prevent this, scribes and authors repeated the last line on the new page. Texts were long and brevity a virtue.Where it did not exist, it was created. Authors abbreviated words as short and common as "ad". "ad" is Latin for "at". '@' seems like a logical abbreviation if you know that medieval fonts had a 'd' character that looked much like a mirrored 6.

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4 Types of Women to Avoid in College (or for Life)

These have been my experiences with women in college. This is strictly my opinion.  If you agree great, and if not, oh well. These 4 types of women are ones that you will want to avoid as a man in college. Doing so will allow you to maintain your sanity :)

The Clinger – She is a woman that is practically obsessed with you. Sure the extra attention from a female is nice and can be kind of an ego booster, but eventually it will get old and you will need a crowbar to pry her off of you or to knock her out with, just so you can have some time alone. This is the kind of woman that is looking for a husband or soul-mate or whatever mushy shit you wanna call it… Don’t get wrapped up in it before it’s too late and the shit hits the fan. Because with this kind of girl a break up will be messy.

The Gold digger -  Ahh the gold digger. Now this woman may appear to like you and do flirtatious things, but honestly all she wants is a free drink, free date, free movie, whatever. Keep these women out of your wallet. A girl that really likes you will be content with just hanging out without spending any money. Besides you are a college student… your broke! What’s in it for you??? Nada!

The Party Whore -  This girl is the wild one. She’s always going out getting plastered at parties and sleeping around. It’s a bad idea to get involved with one of these. Unless of course you share the same loose values as her then it might be a perfect match.

The Mental – This woman is the most elusive. She is a shape shifter. A manipulator, but maintains the appearance of being normal. This kind of woman will be happy one moment and sad the next. She will contort the things you do to make it seem like you are the bad guy so she gets her way. Evidence that you may be dealing with one include but are not limited to impulsive behavior, if she takes depression meds, has an unpredictable attitude or/and may have had a rough past. Obviously not every girl that has one of the things I listed is a soul sucking nutcase, but those are just things that should make you a little more cautious. Avoid this one at all costs. Leave as soon as she starts playing games because the longer you stay, the longer it will hurt. (And no you can’t change her.)

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Useful and Important Information

1. If you see children Begging anywhere in INDIA , please contact: 
"RED SOCIETY" at 9940217816. They will help the children for their studies. 

2.Where you can search for any BLOOD GROUP, you will get thousand's of donor address. www.friendstosupport.org 

3. Engineering Students can register in www.campuscouncil.com to attend Off Campus for 40 Companies. 

4. Free Education and Free hostel for Handicapped/Physically Challenged children. 
Contact:- 9842062501 & 9894067506.

5. If anyone met with fire accident or people born with problems in their ear, nose and mouth can get free PLASTIC SURGERY done by Kodaikanal PASAM Hospital . 
Contact : 045420-240668,245732 
"Helping Hands are Better than Praying Lips" 

6. If you find any important documents like Driving license, Ration card, Passport, Bank Pass Book, etc., missed by someone, simply put them into any near by Post Boxes. They will automatically reach the owner and Fine will be collected from them. 

7. By the next 10 months, our earth will become 4 degrees hotter than what it is now. Our Himalayan glaciers are melting at rapid rate. So let all of us lend our hands to fight GLOBAL WARMING. 
-Plant more Trees. 
-Don't waste Water & Electricity. 
-Don't use or burn Plastics 

8. It costs 38 Trillion dollars to create OXYGEN for 6 months for all Human beings on earth. 
"TREES DO IT FOR FREE" 
"Respect them and Save them" 

9. Special phone number for Eye bank and Eye donation: 04428281919 and 04428271616 (Sankara Nethralaya Eye Bank). For More information about how to donate eyes plz visit these sites. http://ruraleye.org/ 

10. Heart Surgery free of cost for children (0-10 yr) Sri Valli Baba Institute Banglore. 10. 
Contact : 9916737471 

11. Medicine for Blood Cancer!!!! 
'Imitinef Mercilet' is a medicine which cures blood cancer. Its available free of cost at "Adyar Cancer Institute in Chennai". Create Awareness. It might help someone. 
Cancer Institute in Adyar, Chennai 
Category: Cancer 
Address: 
East Canal Bank Road , Gandhi Nagar 
Adyar 
Chennai -600020 
Landmark: Near Michael School 
Phone: 044-24910754 044-24910754 , 044-24911526 044-24911526 , 044-22350241 044-22350241 

12. Please CHECK WASTAGE OF FOOD 
If you have a function/party at your home in India and food gets wasted, don't hesitate to call 1098 (only in India ) - Its not a Joke, This is the number of Child helpline. 
They will come and collect the food. Please circulate this message which can help feed many children. 
AND LETS TRY TO HELP INDIA BE A BETTER PLACE TO LIVE IN 
Please Save Our Mother Nature for 
"OUR FUTURE GENERATIONS"

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Calculate Your BMI

Calculate Your BMI by using formula,

BMI = (weight*weight(in kg))^2/height(in cm)

BMI Classification:

18.5 or less Underweight 
18.5 to 24.99 Normal Weight 
25 to 29.99 Overweight 
30 to 34.99 Obesity (Class 1) 
35 to 39.99 Obesity (Class 2) 
40 or greater Morbid Obesity 

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• How To Download Facebook or Youtube Videos Without Any Tools
• How To Track Your Android Phone When You Left It On Silent Mode

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Aptitude Questions with Answers

1.One of the following is my secret word:AIM DUE MOD OAT TIE.With the list in front of you, if I were to tell you any one of my secret word, then you would be able to tell me the number of vowels in my secret word.Which is my secret word?

Ans.TIE


2.In the following figure:A B C
D
E F G
H
I
Each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 is:
a)Represented by a different letter in the figure above.
b)Positioned in the figure above so that each of A + B + C,C + D +E,E + F + G, and G + H + I is equal to 13.
Which digit does E represent?

Ans.E is 4

3.One of Mr. Horton,his wife,their son,and Mr. Horton's mother is a doctor and another is a lawyer.
a)If the doctor is younger than the lawyer, then the doctor and the lawyer are not blood relatives.
b)If the doctor is a woman, then the doctor and the lawyer are blood relatives.
c)If the lawyer is a man, then the doctor is a man.
Whose occupation you know?

Ans.Mr. Horton:he is the doctor.

4.Here is a picture of two cubes:

aztec.gif (1732 bytes)


a)The two cubes are exactly alike.
b)The hidden faces indicated by the dots have the same alphabet on them.
Which alphabet-q, r, w, or k is on the faces indicated by the dots?

Ans.q

5.In the following figure:
A D
B G E
C F

Each of the seven digits from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 is:
a)Represented by a different letter in the figure above.
b)Positioned in the figure above so that A*B*C,B*G*E, and D*E*F are equal.
Which digit does G represent?

Ans.G represents the digit 2.

6.Mr. and Mrs. Aye and Mr. and Mrs. Bee competed in a chess tournament.Of the three games played:
a)In only the first game werethe two players married to each other.
b)The men won two games and the women won one game.
c)The Ayes won more games than the Bees.
d)Anyone who lost game did not play the subsequent game.
Who did not lose a game?

Ans.Mrs.Bee did not lose a game.

7.Three piles of chips--pile I consists one chip, pile II consists of chips, and pile III consists of three chips--are to be used in game played by Anita and Brinda.The game requires:
a)That each player in turn take only one chip or all chips from just one pile.
b)That the player who has to take the last chip loses.
c)That Anita now have her turn.
From which pile should Anita draw in order to win?

Ans.Pile II

8.Of Abdul, Binoy, and Chandini:
a)Each member belongs to the Tee family whose members always tell the truth or to the El family whose members always lie.
b)Abdul says ''Either I belong or Binoy belongs to a different family from the other two."
Whose family do you name of?

Ans.Binoy's family--El.

9.In a class composed of x girls and y boys what part of the class is composed of girls

A.y/(x + y)
B.x/xy
C.x/(x + y)
D.y/xy

Ans.C


10.What is the maximum number of half-pint bottles of cream that can be filled with a 4-gallon can of cream(2 pt.=1 qt. and 4 qt.=1 gal)

A.16
B.24
C.30
D.64

Ans.D


11.If the operation,^ is defined by the equation x ^ y = 2x + y,what is the value of a in 2 ^ a = a ^ 3

A.0
B.1
C.-1
D.4

Ans.B


12.A coffee shop blends 2 kinds of coffee,putting in 2 parts of a 33p. a gm. grade to 1 part of a 24p. a gm.If the mixture is changed to 1 part of the 33p. a gm. to 2 parts of the less expensive grade,how much will the shop save in blending 100 gms.

A.Rs.90
B.Rs.1.00
C.Rs.3.00
D.Rs.8.00

Ans.C


13.There are 200 questions on a 3 hr examination.Among these questions are 50 mathematics problems.It is suggested that twice as much time be spent on each maths problem as for each other question.How many minutes should be spent on mathematics problems

A.36
B.72
C.60
D.100

Ans.B



14.In a group of 15,7 have studied Latin, 8 have studied Greek, and 3 have not studied either.How many of these studied both Latin and Greek

A.0
B.3
C.4
D.5

Ans.B


15.If 13 = 13w/(1-w) ,then (2w)2 =

A.1/4
B.1/2
C.1
D.2

Ans.C


16. If a and b are positive integers and (a-b)/3.5 = 4/7, then

(A) b < a
(B) b > a
(C) b = a
(D) b >= a

Ans. A


17. In june a baseball team that played 60 games had won 30% of its game played. After a phenomenal winning streak this team raised its average to 50% .How many games must the team have won in a row to attain this average?

A. 12
B. 20
C. 24
D. 30

Ans. C


18. M men agree to purchase a gift for Rs. D. If three men drop out how much more will each have to contribute towards the purchase of the gift/

A. D/(M-3)
B. MD/3
C. M/(D-3)
D. 3D/(M2-3M)

Ans. D


19. A company contracts to paint 3 houses. Mr.Brown can paint a house in 6 days while Mr.Black would take 8 days and Mr.Blue 12 days. After 8 days Mr.Brown goes on vacation and Mr. Black begins to work for a period of 6 days. How many days will it take Mr.Blue to complete the contract?

A. 7
B. 8
C. 11
D. 12

Ans.C


20. 2 hours after a freight train leaves Delhi a passenger train leaves the same station travelling in the same direction at an average speed of 16 km/hr. After travelling 4 hrs the passenger train overtakes the freight train. The average speed of the freight train was?

A. 30
B. 40
C.58
D. 60

Ans. B


21. If 9x-3y=12 and 3x-5y=7 then 6x-2y = ?

A.-5
B. 4
C. 2
D. 8

Ans. D

22. There are 5 red shoes, 4 green shoes. If one draw randomly a shoe what is the probability of getting a red shoe

Ans 5c1/ 9c1


23. What is the selling price of a car? If the cost of the car is Rs.60 and a profit of 10% over selling price is earned

Ans: Rs 66/-



24. 1/3 of girls , 1/2 of boys go to canteen .What factor and total number of classmates go to canteen.

Ans: Cannot be determined.


25. The price of a product is reduced by 30% . By what percentage should it be increased to make it 100%

Ans: 42.857%


26. There is a square of side 6cm . A circle is inscribed inside the square. Find the ratio of the area of circle to square.

Ans. 11/14

27. There are two candles of equal lengths and of different thickness. The thicker one lasts of six hours. The thinner 2 hours less than the thicker one. Ramesh lights the two candles at the same time. When he went to bed he saw the thicker one is twice the length of the thinner one. How long ago did Ramesh light the two candles .

Ans: 3 hours.

28. If M/N = 6/5,then 3M+2N = ?

29. If p/q = 5/4 , then 2p+q= ?

30. If PQRST is a parallelogram what it the ratio of triangle PQS & parallelogram PQRST .

Ans: 1:2

31. The cost of an item is Rs 12.60. If the profit is 10% over selling price what is the selling price ?

Ans: Rs 13.86/-

32. There are 6 red shoes & 4 green shoes . If two of red shoes are drawn what is the probability of getting red shoes

Ans: 6c2/10c2

33. To 15 lts of water containing 20% alcohol, we add 5 lts of pure water. What is % alcohol.

Ans : 15%

34. A worker is paid Rs.20/- for a full days work. He works 1,1/3,2/3,1/8.3/4 days in a week. What is the total amount paid for that worker ?

Ans : 57.50

35. If the value of x lies between 0 & 1 which of the following is the largest?

(a) x
(b) x2
(c) -x
(d) 1/x

Ans : (d)

36. If the total distance of a journey is 120 km .If one goes by 60 kmph and comes back at 40kmph what is the average speed during the journey?

Ans: 48kmph

37. A school has 30% students from Maharashtra .Out of these 20% are Bombey students. Find the total percentage of Bombay?

Ans: 6%

38. An equilateral triangle of sides 3 inch each is given. How many equilateral triangles of side 1 inch can be formed from it?

Ans: 9

39. If A/B = 3/5,then 15A = ?

Ans : 9B

40. Each side of a rectangle is increased by 100% .By what percentage does the area increase?

Ans : 300%

41. Perimeter of the back wheel = 9 feet, front wheel = 7 feet on a certain distance, the front wheel gets 10 revolutions more than the back wheel .What is the distance?

Ans : 315 feet.

42. Perimeter of front wheel =30, back wheel = 20. If front wheel revolves 240 times. How many revolutions will the back wheel take?

Ans: 360 times

43. 20% of a 6 litre solution and 60% of 4 litre solution are mixed. What percentage of the mixture of solution

Ans: 36%

44City A's population is 68000, decreasing at a rate of 80 people per year. City B having population 42000 is increasing at a rate of 120 people per year. In how many years both the cities will have same population?

Ans: 130 years

45Two cars are 15 kms apart. One is turning at a speed of 50kmph and the other at 40kmph . How much time will it take for the two cars to meet?

Ans: 3/2 hours

46A person wants to buy 3 paise and 5 paise stamps costing exactly one rupee. If he buys which of the following number of stamps he won't able to buy 3 paise stamps.

Ans: 9

47There are 12 boys and 15 girls, How many different dancing groups can be formed with 2 boys and 3 girls.

48Which of the following fractions is less than 1/3

(a) 22/62
(b) 15/46
(c) 2/3
(d) 1

Ans: (b)

49There are two circles, one circle is inscribed and another circle is circumscribed over a square. What is the ratio of area of inner to outer circle?

Ans: 1 : 2

50Three types of tea the a,b,c costs Rs. 95/kg,100/kg and70/kg respectively.
How many kgs of each should be blended to produce 100 kg of mixture worth Rs.90/kg,
given that the quntities of band c are equal

a)70,15,15
b)50,25,25
c)60,20,20
d)40,30,30

Ans. (b)

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How to Chill A Coke In just a second!!

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Northern Grid power failure: What went wrong?

On July 30, parts of North India came to a standstill, crippled with power failure that affected the states of Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. This power failure was attributed to overdrawing of power by some states. However, that has not been confirmed yet. While authorities were working round-the-clock to restore the Northern Grid, and were successful in partially restoring power in many parts after 15 hours, the northern grid collapsed again on the next day, July 31. This time, a cascading effect saw the collapse of the Eastern and North Eastern power grids as well. This affected the states of West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, Assam, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Arunanchal Pradesh. In what’s being termed as the biggest ever power failure in Indian history, three inter-state transmission networks collapsed together, plunging most of north India into darkness and disrupting the daily lives of over 600 million people. (The states affected by grid failure are highlighted in the infographic).

Infographic - Power System in India

The cause of the failure? Certain states in the northern region overdrew power, which led to the tripping and ultimate collapse of the Northern Grid. A blame game ensued with states accusing each other for the mayhem caused. It is being speculated that Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab overdrew power, but they have refuted these claims. One of the possible reasons for overdrawing power is the deficient rainfall, which meant increased use of electric pumps to withdraw water for farming in these agricultural states. But how did this snowball into a major power crisis that affected over 20 states?

To understand this you will need to know how the electric grids work in India. The Power Grid Corporation of India oversees the distribution of power via its transmission network spread across the country. It has 95,009 circuit-km of transmission network, 1,36,358 MVA  transformation capacity and approximately 28,000 MW inter-regional power transfer capacity. India is divided into five electrical regions, namely, Northern (NR), Eastern (ER), Western (WR), Southern (SR) and North-Eastern (NER). Of these, the four zones NR, ER, WR and NER are inter-connected, and form what is known as the New Grid. The Southern zone is synchronously interconnected to the New Grid. (The further division of states is shown in the infographic). Every zone is then responsible for the power needs of the states that fall under it. There is a load dispatch centre in every zone that oversees the transfer of power from the generating plant to the states and further. Depending on the need, every state then buys power and has to adhere to the withdrawal limit.

Owing to the size of our country, and the fact that the power generating plants are scattered across the terrain, we have a very complex power transmission network in place. But its functioning, from power generation to power distribution is more or less the same across all regional zones. In each zone, power from various power plants is subjected to inter-state transmission, wherein the regional load dispatch centres monitor and control its distribution to the various states in each zone as scheduled. The next step is intra-state transmission, wherein the state load dispatch centre allocates power to various areas within the state, and then at local level. (View diagram in the infographic). The power is generated at very high voltage, but stepped down at each substation. 

What happened on Monday is the classic example of what happens when limits are not adhered to. The generation plants, the power grids and the sub-stations have to work in tandem. An overload results in system failure. In spite of the warning issued, several states continued to over-withdraw power from the already overstretched generation system. The overdrawing of power caused a slight escalation in the grid frequency range, the permissible limit of which as defined by the Indian Electricity Grid Code is 49.5 Hz to 50.2 Hz. The escalation in the frequency ultimately caused the collosal power failure in north India on Monday. As there is free flow of power in the four zones that comprise the New Grid, Tuesday’s tripping of the Northern Grid had a cascading effect on the North Eastern and Eastern power grids.

Source:tech2.in

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